Collective Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collective Bargaining - Essay Example Collective bargaining is the bargaining or negotiation taking place between an employer and a group of workers so as to determine the circumstances of employment. These negotiations occurring, results in a collective agreement. The employees are represented by the union leaders at the negotiation. Federal and state laws govern collective bargaining. When federal and state law overlaps, state laws are enforced. (collective bargaining) Collective bargaining can also be defined as a tool used by people to end a conflict, in a way that both parties can have the benefit from negotiation. It is widely used in organizations to settle various issues between the employee and the employer. It is a technique in which the negotiation taking place between two parties, result in an official or unofficial agreement. It is a process of the human resource system in which the employee or their representative take part in the discussion with the higher authority or the employer and put forward the claims and the demand of their co-workers. Collective bargaining has served as an important apparatus for providing a democratic organization to the employees where they can barter with the employer for their basic needs. It has helped solving many organizational issues like reducing inequality, increasing pay rate of employees and improving the organizational environment for employees. It is the system which gives the authority to a skilled worker to put forward his demand at the industrial level. This system was the result of the influence of the rapidly advancing organizational structure, which also illustrated the importance of the rights of labor. EXAMPLE: Some workers or employees have to carry pagers during the off-duty hour, in order to respond to the emergencies. As the result of collective bargaining agreements, all the employees carrying pagers during the off-duty hours were given extra pay of five weeks,  whether they are paged or not. If an

Architecture and the Environment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Architecture and the Environment Paper - Essay Example In particular, it describes how physical structure affects human behavior, analyzes architecture as a means of controlling human behavior, describes the environmental psychological implications of commercial and residential design, including purpose and consideration, and analyzes the importance of architectural development supporting sustainability. Effects of Physical Structure on Human Behavior The behavioral effects of physical structure on humans are believed to be due to a number of factors such as surroundings, layout, light, color, texture, and so on. There are immediate feelings when one enters new places and this affects people’s moods. In environmental psychology, it is understood that our surroundings also affect our intellectual development. The effect can be either positive or negative but there is a relationship between environment and behavior regardless. Christopher Day (2004) explored the theme of how architectural design affects people and places in his book ‘Places of the Soul’. Close associations are shown between architecture and our consciousness, health and various other aspects of human life. Frumkin (2003) explored the evidence for the existence of healthy places, i.e. buildings, public spaces, etc. that could have a positive impact in terms of human health. It was found through various studies that the quality of a place, beyond its mere physical features, has important implications for public health. Architecture therefore has the potential to be used positively such as for promoting public health, as long as it is designed appropriately. Use of Architecture for Controlling Human Behavior Supermarkets make effective use of environmental architecture in subtle ways in order to persuade shoppers to buy its products. In this case, architecture is used to control purchasing behavior. Examples of environmental factors that contribute to influencing consumer behavior in the retailing context include store layout, interi or design, focused in-store lighting, color effects using bright and warm colors, and background music. A study by Richardson et al. (1996) showed that the store atmosphere does affect consumers in the case of perceptions of store brand quality. Background music also helps to create the right ambient conditions to influence consumer behavior in service environments (Oakes, 2000). In the field of education, architecture plays a key role in Waldorf or Steiner schools and color is an important tool used for influencing student behavior. Rudolph Steiner described color as â€Å"the soul of nature†. Thus, in a Waldorf school classroom, colors are used to support specific stages of child development. For example, pink is used in the nursery and kindergarten because of its innocent and loving feminine quality. The rest of the colors of the rainbow are used for the remaining classes in order, which are believed to suit the child’s development. In Steiner’s philosophy, à ¢â‚¬Å"the best architectural and utilitarian design does not arise only from considerations of structural and physical functions, but rather should be ‘living forms’ that also speak to the emotional, psychological, mental, moral, and spiritual natures of human users† (Adams, N.d.). These extra qualities of architecture are what grant it the power to control behavior. The control of human behavior is more pronounced in the practice of what is known as ‘

Management Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Management Philosophy Essay Diversity trainer through the National Multi-Cultural Institute (NMCI) which is based out of Washington DC. Bahaudin worked as a manager, an Internal Consultant, Trainer, and Teacher at the Education and Training Development Department of Human Resources with Publix Super Markets Inc. for sixteen years. Bahaudin has been a visitor or speaker on conferences in the United States of America, Vietnam, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Brazil, Jamaica, Bahamas, St. Lucia, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), Grenada, and several other Caribbean countries. Bahaudin was born in Khoshie of Logar and raised in Kabul of Afghanistan. Bahaudin finished his high school degree and higher education in the United States. Management Philosophy: Some of Bahaudin’s favorite management concepts, which he has used in practice, happen to be Self-fulfilling Prophecy, Theory Y View of Motivation, Management by Objective and Management by Walking Around. Managers are likely to get exactly what they expect from themselves and their employees. Bahaudin believes that most people want to do a good job, especially when they are given the right tools, educational developments and performance opportunities. He prefers leading people and managing systems. Bahaudin likes to clarify his overall objectives, set realistic goals and then work to achieve them in a realistic timeframe. According to Bahaudin, the journey of working toward the achievement of one’s goals itself can certainly be one way to happiness. As they say, happiness is the way. Bahaudin truly believes that happiness is a journey, and not a destination. Happiness is the progressive realization of worthwhile and predetermined goals. So, set your goals and, as someone said, then â€Å"work like you dont need money; study like you are a noble prize winner; love like youve never been hurt; and dance like no ones watching. Have a positive attitude and, when possible, make a difference in at least one person’s life. Remember, if you can perceive and believe a better state of being, then you are very likely to achieve it as well. Overall, learn as much as you can; stretch yourself as far as possible, but not beyond; never settle for less than your capabilities; aim for total integrity; and be the best that you can be! As an effective manager and leader, may you have the hindsight to know where you have been; the foresight to know where you are going; and the insight to know when you are about to go too far.

Computer Networks And The Domain Name System Information Technology Essay

Computer Networks And The Domain Name System Information Technology Essay Also popularly known as DNS which is the abbreviation for Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system and an internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Alphabetic nature to these domain names makes us easier to understand while IP address with numbers and points can be difficult to remember. But Ultimately IP address is needed on the internet, therefore the DNS service translates the domain name into the corresponding IP address every time we use the domain names. Example: If the Domain name is www.example.com It contains the domain name example.com It might translate to:- 198.105.232.4 The emails address also carries the domain name such [emailprotected] How important is Domain Name Server to the Internet? It wont be wrong if we say that Internet would shut down very quickly without DNS, it is by far the largest, most active and efficient distributed databases in the planet. Domain name servers, or DNS, are an incredibly important but completely hidden part of the internet. If we spent any time of internet surfing, sending mails we are actually using domain name servers without even realizing it. Importance of DNS: The Domain Name System was Created in 1983 by Paul Mockapetris . It is the domain name system through which the World Wide Web, hyperlinks and internet contact information remain consistent and constant even if the arrangement of internet routing changes or the person uses another device such as mobile. People take advantage of this technique when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and e-mail addresses without having to know how the computer actually locates them/translates them, making it a hidden feature on the internet. DNS Server: Domain Name Server is a server that stores the DNS records, such as:- address (A) records, name server (NS) records, mail exchanger (MX) records for a domain name And then responds with answers to queries against its database. The Mechanism! The Domain Name System is basic requirement for the internet as it provides a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service. The Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated. The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite. Domain Name Formulation: Domain name is divided into one or more parts, which is technically called labels that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as example.com The right most labels tell us the top-level domain like in www.example.com belongs to the top level domain com. The hierarchy of domains descends from right to left; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the right. For example: the label example specifies a subdomain of the com domain, and www is a sub domain of example.com. This tree of subdivisions may consist of 127 levels. Each label may contain up to 63 characters. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 characters. In practice, some domain registries may have shorter limits. DNS names may technically consist of any character representable in an octet. The characters allowed in a label are a subset of the ASCII character set, and includes the characters a through z, A through Z, digits 0 through 9, and the hyphen. This rule is known as the LDH rule (letters, digits, hyphen). Domain names are interpreted in case-independent manner. Labels may not start or end with a hyphen . A hostname is a domain name that has at least one IP address associated. For example, the domain names www.example.com and example.com are also hostnames, whereas the com domain is not. Operations: Before understanding the Operation first we should know what is DNS Resolver, it is the client-side of a DNS. It is responsible for initiating and sequencing the queries that ultimately lead to a full resolution (translation) of the resource sought, e.g., translation of a domain name into an IP address. Now lets focus on the Operation which uses the address resolution mechanism in which Domain name resolvers determine the appropriate domain name servers responsible for the domain name in question by a sequence of queries starting with the right-most (top-level) domain label. The process entails: 1. A system that needs to use the DNS is configured with the known addresses of the root servers. This is often stored in a file of root hints, which are updated periodically by an administrator from a reliable source. 2. Query one of the root servers to find the server authoritative for the top-level domain. 3. Query the obtained TLD DNS server for the address of a DNS server authoritative for the second-level domain. 4. Repeating the previous step to process each domain name label in sequence, until the final step which would, rather than generating the address of the next DNS server, return the IP address of the host sought. Protocol details: DNS primarily uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 53 to serve requests. DNS queries consist of a single UDP request from the client followed by a single UDP reply from the server. TCP protocol which stands for Transmission Control Protocol is used when the response data size exceeds 512 bytes, or for tasks such as zone transfers. Conclusion: Doing the Research for this term report I was able to know about the DNS which is essential part of the internet functionality but is hidden from us, it has made our life easier as we dont need to remember the IP address and we just have to recite the alphabetical name and DNS itself translates it to the IP address. This Mechanism has surely made things more easier and efficient.

Skin cancer :: essays research papers

Most parents remembered hearing about the importance of protecting their children from the sun, yet children are still playing in the sun without sunscreen or protective clothing. Many people these days are not taking skin cancer seriously after knowing its significance. Skin cancer has been a growing problem in the United States and millions of people have suffered from it every year. The three most common skin cancers are Melanoma, Basal cell, and Squamous cell, which can cause bumps, sores, growths, etc. Skin cancer is a deadly disease with many causes, but the advantage is that it can be prevented. Problem/Definition Skin cancer is a disease where cancer (malignant) cells are found on the outer layer of the skin (epidermis).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The three types of cells found in the epidermis are squamous cells, basal cells, and melanocytes. These cells in time grow to be cancerous. Thus, the three types of skin cancers are squamous cell, basal cell, and melanoma. Melanoma is the most deadliest and destructive type of cancer. (â€Å"Skin Cancer† infotrac.com) The number of people with melanoma has risen in Scotland from 3.5 in 1979 to 10.6 per 100,000 in 1998 for men and 7.0 to 13.1 for women. (Miller 945) Squamous cell and Basal cell skin cancer can kill up to 2,200 people a year in the United States. (Sommerfield SIRS.com) Basal cell, being the most common type of skin cancer, is the cancer that about 75 percent of the people have. (â€Å"Skin Cancer â€Å" infotrac.com) Melanoma is mostly seen in older men but ever since tanning came in during the 1970’s, it has increased in wom en 60 percent around the ages 15-29 over the past three decades.(Sommerfield SIRS.com) â€Å"And basal cell and squamous cell cancers are increasing at a rate of about 5 percent per year†(Sommerfield SIRS.com). Causes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skin Cancer is caused by hereditary factors, overexposure to the sun, and weak immune systems. (â€Å"Skin Cancer† infotrac.com) One reason people tend to get skin cancer is when someone in your family has passed their genes down to you, known as hereditary. Normally hereditary is one of the causes in the development of melanoma. For all types of skin cancers, overexposure of the skin to UV radiation in sunlight is the most frequently blamed source of skin cancer. â€Å"Research suggests that sunburns received early in one’s childhood can lead to skin cancer later in life† (â€Å"Skin Cancer† infotrac.com). For example, when someone gets sunburned, you usually don’t know till ten to twenty years after and that’s why people don’t get skin cancer till they reach their twenties.

Investigating the Cause of Global Warming Essay -- Global Warming Clim

Investigating the Cause of Global Warming Many people disagree on the issue concerning global warming. Some believe that human activities, various forms of polluting, are the main cause of global warming. Others think that not only have humans not affected the planet by any significant amount, but that not much global warming has even occurred. Many scientists think that pollution is the cause of global warming and the greenhouse effect. There is a lot of evidence to support this theory. In the United States alone, almost 15,000 pounds of greenhouse gases are emitted per person each year. From 1990 to 1997, these emissions have increased by 3.4%. The burning of fossil fuels is responsible for 82% of these emissions. Since the industrial revolution first came about, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by almost 30%. The burning of fossil fuels to power vehicles, heat buildings, and to power factories is the cause of the emission of 80% of the carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. The amount of methane in the atmosphere has increased by more that 100% and the amount of nitrous oxide has risen by 15%. The burning of fossil fuels is also responsible for emitting 25% of the methane and 20% of the global nitrous oxide that is released. Some other emissions are caused by the increas e of landfills, agriculture, industry, and mining. There are also other greenhouse gases that do not occur naturally. Some of these gases are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). These are byproducts of refrigeration, air conditioning, and foam production. The increase of greenhouse gases causes the atmosphere to trap more heat than it would naturally. ... ...be able to melt ice caps. I used to believe that action should be taken immediately to stop global warming so that our planet wouldn?t be severely damaged. Now, based on the evidence I have seen, I don?t think that pollution has such a large effect on the environment. Of course I do think that it is important for us to try to cut down on pollution. It will someday affect our descendants. However, I no longer think that a huge amount of money should be spent to solve this problem immediately. I think that each individual should be careful in their everyday lives to try to cut down on pollution. I think this will make our planet a better place for the future. Bibliography: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/index.html http://www.globalwarming.org/ http://www.heartland.org/studies/ieguide.htm http://www.ameritech.net/users/storm8/final.htm#discuss

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Introduction The range of Infrared region Is 12800- 10 cm-l. It can be divided into near-infrared region (12800 – 4000 crn-ll mid-infrared region (4000 – 200 crnl ) and far-infrared region (50 † 1000 cm-l). scientists have established various ways to utilize infrared light. Infrared absorption spectroscopy is the method which scientists use to determine the structures of molecules with the molecules' characteristic absorption of infrared radiation. Infrared spectrum is molecular vibrational spectrum.When exposed to Infrared radiation, sample molecules selectively absorb radiation of pecific wavelengths which causes the change of dipole moment of sample molecules. Consequently, the vibrational energy levels of sample molecules transfer from ground state to excited state. The frequency of the absorption peak is determined by the vibrational energy gap. The number of absorption peaks is related to the number of vibrational freedom of the molecule. The intensity of ab sorption peaks is related to the change of dipole moment and the possibility of the transition of energy levels.Therefore, by analyzing the infrared spectrum, one can readily obtain abundant structure information of a molecule. Most molecules are infrared active except for several homonuclear diatomic molecules such as 02, N2 and C12 due to the zero dipole change in the vibration and rotation of these molecules Concept: Fourier transform spectroscopy Is a less Intuitive way to obtain the same Information. Rather than shining a monochromatic beam of light at the sample, this technique shines a beam containing many frequencies of light at once, and measures how much of that beam Is absorbed by the sample.Next, the beam Is modified to contain a different combination of frequencies, giving a second data point. This process is repeated many times. Afterwards, a computer takes all these data and works backwards to Infer what the absorption Is at each wavelength The beam described above is generated by starting with a broadband light source† one containing the full spectrum of wavelengths to be measured. The light shines into a Michelson interferometer†a certain configuration of mirrors, one of which is moved by a motor. As this mirror moves, each wavelength of light in the beam is periodically blocked. ransmitted, blocked, transmitted. by the Interferometer, due to wave interference. Different wavelengths are modulated at different rates, so that at each moment, the beam coming out of the interferometer has a different spectrum. Fourier Transform of Interferogram to Spectrum The interferogram is a function of time and the values outputted by this function of time are said to make up the time domain. The time domain Is Fourier transformed to get a frequency domain, which is deconvoluted to product a spectrum Step 1: The first step is sample preparation. The standard method to prepare solid sample for FTIR spectrometer is to use KBr.About 2 mg of sample an d 200 mg KBr re dried and ground. The particle size should be unified and less than two micrometers. Then, the mixture is squeezed to form transparent pellets which can be measured directly. For liquids with high boiling point or viscous solution, it can be added in between two NaCl pellets. Then the sample is fixed in the cell by skews and measured. For volatile liquid sample, it is dissolved in CS2 or CC14 to form 10% solution. Then the solution is injected into a liquid cell for measurement. Gas sample needs to be measured in a gas cell with two KBr windows on each side. The gas cell should first be vacuumed.Then the sample can be introduced to the gas cell for measurement. Step 2: The second step is getting a background spectrum by collecting an interferogram and its subsequent conversion to frequency data by inverse Fourier transform. We obtain the background spectrum because the solvent in which we place our sample will have traces of dissolved gases as well as solvent molecul es that contribute information that are not our sample. The background spectrum will contain information about the species of gases and solvent molecules, which may then be subtracted away from our sample spectrum in order to gain nformation about Just the sample.Figure 6 shows an example of an FTIR background spectrum. Figure 6. Background IR spectrum The background spectrum also takes into account several other factors related to the instrument performance, which includes information about the source, interferometer, detector, and the contribution of ambient water (note the two irregular groups of lines at about 3600 cm-l and about 1600 cm-l in Figure 6) and carbon dioxide (note the doublet at 2360 cm-l and sharp spike at 667 cm-l in Figure 6) present in the optical bench.Step 3: Next, we collect a single-beam spectrum of he sample, which will contain absorption bands from the sample as well as the background (gaseous or solvent). Step 4: The ratio between the single-beam sample s pectrum and the single beam background spectrum gives the spectrum of the sample (Figure 7). Advantages: Speed: Because all of the frequencies are measured simultaneously, most measurements by FT-IR are made in a matter of seconds rather than several minutes.This is sometimes referred to as the Felgett Advantage. Sensitivity: Sensitivity is dramatically improved with FT-IR for many reasons. The detectors employed are uch more sensitive, the optical throughput is much higher (referred to as the enable the coaddition of several scans in order to reduce the random measurement noise to any desired level (referred to as signal averaging). ? Mechanical Simplicity: The moving mirror in the interferometer is the only continuously moving part in the instrument. Thus, there is very little possibility of mechanical breakdown. Internally Calibrated: These instruments employ a HeNe laser as an internal wavelength calibration standard (referred to as the Connes Advantage). These instruments are s elf-calibratingand never need to be calibrated by the user.