Ivan Pavlov s The First Development Of The Experimental...

A Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov was doing research on digestion, which led to the first development of the experimental model of learning. Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. Poverty was always an issue with Pavlov’s family as he was growing up. His father was the priest of the village, where Pavlov attended regularly. Many of Pavlov’s characteristics, including a strong will to succeed was inherited from his father. Pavlov began school at the Ryazan Ecclesiastical High. Pavlov entered the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary. At the seminar, he was introduced to the works of Charles Darwin and Ivan Sechenov. After the seminar, Pavlov transferred to the University of St. Petersburg to acquire knowledge about natural science. At St. Petersburg, Pavlov gained a great respect for Cyon, a professor in physiology. With Cyon’s enthusiasm for Physiology, he became a physiologist during his third year. Pavlov started working as a laboratory assistant helping out Cyon. At this laboratory is where Pavlov studied the digestion system. This laboratory is where Pavlov’s research later earned him a Nobel Prize on the physiology of digestion. Pavlov would implant small stomach pouches in dogs. After implanting the pouches he would measure the secretion of gastric juices that the dogs had when they started to eat. After time, with the help of his assistants, he was able to condition the dogs to the sound of a tick. After the progression of his work, heShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson978 Words   |  4 Pages In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulusRead MoreChild Developmental Theories Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesharder time making that journey to adulthood. Child development was largely ignored throughout most of human history and refers to that which occurs from birth to adulthood. Infants and children were mostly viewed as a smaller version of an adult and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth. Then in the 20th-century interest began to development in the field of child development, and tended to focus on abnormal behavior. The followingRead MoreIvan Pavlov s Theory Of Classical Conditioning Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesIvan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan Russia. He was a Russian physiologist, and his work lead to the development of the first experimental model of learning: classical conditioning. He began his studies as a theology major, and changed throughout the years to physiology at the University of St. Petersburg. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 (Psychology History). Ivan Pavlov was a very intelligent man. He was known for working on and experimenting with animalsRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Behavior2385 Words   |  10 Pagesbehavior can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness. Originators and important contributors: John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, E. L. Thorndike (connectionism), Bandura, Tolman (moving toward cognitivism) Keywords: Classical conditioning (Pavlov), Operant conditioning (Skinner), Stimulus-response (S-R) Behaviorism Behaviorism is a worldview that assumes a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental stimuli. The learner starts offRead MoreLearning and Memory Worksheet Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesLearning and Memory Worksheet Write a 450- to 700-word essay to describe the relationship between classical and operant conditioning. Explain their elements and how they differ from one another. Additionally, provide an example for how learning can occur through each mode of conditioning. Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process of learning a new behavior through stimuli in the environment. In this processRead MoreStructuralism And The Development Of Psychology874 Words   |  4 PagesBy studying our behavior the development of psychology has developed over time 2.a) structuralism- early school of psychology that used introspection to study the structure of the human mind (Edward B. Titchener) functionalism- from an evolutionary process, a school of psychology is focused on how mental and behavioral processes function Behavioral- an objective form of science that studies behavior without reference to mental process b) Gestalt- Max Wertheimer sought to explain perceptions in termsRead MoreClassical Conditioning1770 Words   |  8 PagesClassical Conditioning Paper Psychology of Learning-PSYCH/550 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss classical conditioning. Much of the material has been covered in class discussion questions based on classical conditioning, allowing for a greater insight from the group of students providing the research of what classical conditioning is. Classical conditioning is defined as, â€Å"A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respondRead MoreTo What Extent Do the ‘Grand Theories’ Discussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 Take Account of the Role of Social Experiences in Child Development?2467 Words   |  10 Pagesdiscussed in Book 1, Chapter 2 take account of the role of social experiences in child development? Ask any parent about their child’s development, and they’ll often talk about speech and language development, gross motor skills or even physical growth. But a child’s social development—her ability to interact with other children and adults—is a critical piece of the development puzzle. Children’s Development is a social and cultural as well as a biological process. This is important because asRead MoreBehavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications.2912 Words   |  12 Pagesexisted throughout history, and have always been rooted in philosophical views of human nature (Wachtel P., 1997). Specifically, behavior therapy intents to help individuals overcome difficulties in nearly any aspect of human experience (Thorpe G. Olson S., 1990). The techniques of behavior therapy have been applied to education, the workplace, consumer activities, and even sports, but behavior therapy in clinical settings is largely concerned with the assessment of mental health problems. In generalRead MoreApplying Learning Theories3548 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction to Learning Theories EDU622-0603A-01: Applying Learning Theories Unit 1 IP Dr. Trude Fawson American Intercontinental University June 17, 2006 Introduction How do we come to know what we know? What is knowledge? These questions are important not only for epistemologists or philosophers who study knowledge, but, as well for those interested in the sciences and education. Whether knowledge is seen as absolute, separate from the knower and corresponding to a knowable, external reality

The Shawshank Redemption Analysis - 759 Words

In the movie The Shawshank Redemption, a man named Andy Dufresne gives viewers an insight on hope, friendship, and time. It can be hard enough to survive this world as a civilian, let alone a prisoner. When Andy gets to the Shawshank prison there is not much to it besides four walls and some innocent criminals. Andy is sort of like this beacon of light coming into the prison. He doesn’t come in and make things better, but he gives some of the prisoners a sense of the outside world. In a world where it is easy to get lost, hope, friendship, and time are essentials in survival. Time is not usually anybody’s friend. Time is actually something that people seem to never have enough of. However, in The Shawshank Redemption, time is of an†¦show more content†¦Despite barely having anything in common these two bright minds connected and became friends for decades. In prison it is important to have someone there. Red explains their relationship by saying I never felt really close to Andy until 1960 or so, and I believe I was the only one who ever did get really close to him. For Andy it was important to his sanity to have a person like Red. Without Red, Andy might just have gone insane. Red helped give Andy hope. While in prison Andy never let go of hope. Even through his first two years in Shawshank he still held onto hope. There were a few things that helped Andy hold on to hope, one of those things was Red. While talking to Red in a letter, Andy told him â€Å"Remember Red, hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things, and no good thing ever dies†. This just proved how much Andy believed that hope was the one thing that nobody could ever take from him. Not only was this film about a man keeping his hope, but another man trying to regain his. Red lost his hope long ago, probably when he was first denied parole or maybe even when he was first sent to prison. He told Andy â€Å"hope is a dangerous thing my friend, it can kill a man†. Andy helped Red just as much as Red helped Andy. Red’s view of hope was very different from Andy’s, so Andy helped him see the better side of hope. When Andy pulled off his escape he helped Red see that there isShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis Of The Shawshank Redemption1696 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Shawshank Redemption is directed by Frank Darabot, published in 1995 Australia. The film focusses on the theme of forgiveness and escape. It follows an unusual friendship between Andy and Red set in a 1930’s American prison. The main focal scenes explored include: Brooks suicide and Tommy’s death. The film is to be narrated by Morgen Freeman (Red), it shows the 20 year period of Andy’s imprisonment. As a part of the analysis emphases on the scenes as it introduces the audience to theRead MoreThe Shawshank Redemption Analysis1725 Words   |  7 Pagespeople rejoice. The Shawshank Redemption was an exemplary film that proved how dedication, patience, friendship and hope are extremely powerful and are big supporting factors in life. Shown in The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont, was a passionate and inspiring story of a quiet and wrongly convicted man named Andy Dufresne and his encounters with fear, friendship, freedom and hope. In The Shawshank Redemption, fear is shown through the prisoners of Shawshank, Brooks Hatlen, EllisRead MoreShawshank Redemption Analysis1749 Words   |  7 PagesShawshank Redemption is one of the best masterpieces’ in the genre of crime. Its portrayal of life in prisons is very intriguing. The main character in the film Andy has been convicted of murder and sent in to Shawshank State Penitentiary. There in the prison Andy befriends Red who constantly fails at getting paroled. Andy is abused by other inmates as well as prison Warden. At the end, Andy escapes using his knowledge from books and attains freedom. This film is not just notable in the world ofRead MoreEthical Analysis of the Shawshank Redemption1846 Words   |  8 PagesEthical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption Scott S. Critzer Dr. Gerry R. Sokol and Dr. Nancy Powers EDLP 705—Frameworks for Decision-making: Ethical Perspectives Virginia Commonwealth University February 11, 2012 Author Note Correspondence regarding this paper should be addressed to Scott S. Critzer, Assistant Principal, Randolph-Henry High School, 755 David Bruce Avenue, Charlotte Court House, Virginia 23923. E-mail: critzerss@vcu.edu Ethical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption It hasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Shawshank Redemption By Frank Darabont1116 Words   |  5 Pages 2015 Evaluative Analysis: The Shawshank Redemption When it comes to movies, I am not exactly what you could consider well-versed. Had it not been for several close friends of mine, I would have never even seen blockbuster hits such as Harry Potter, The Lord of the Rings, or Back to the Future. The reason for this is not because I dislike watching movies, but rather due to the restrictive nature of my parents. Thus, I have not had the privilege to enjoy The Shawshank Redemption, Frank Darabont’sRead More Rhetorical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption The Shawshank Redemption is an inspiring story about Andy Dufreine and his efforts to maintain hope in horrible situations. The directors used many effective methods that displayed signs of hope in such a horrible place. Andy maintained hope by distracting his mind and always staying occupied. Andy was also inspired to survive by helping others find hope in life. The creators of this movie used several effective, and often subtleRead MoreRita Hayworth And The Shawshank Redemption Analysis1362 Words   |  6 PagesClose Comparative Analysis Of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption and Frank Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption When comparing the ending of Stephen King’s novella, Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption with the ending of the 1994 film adaptation by Frank Darabont, The Shawshank Redemption, there are key differences. These include additions, removals and slight changes in the narrative which arguably make the storyline better suited to the completely different mediumRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Shawshank Redemption 856 Words   |  4 Pages To be honest, I have seen â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption† but it has been a while so figured that I ll watch again this 1994 classic. The movie time line takes place between 1947-1967 in Maine that follow the life of former vice-president banker Andy Dufrasne. Innocent in the double murder of his wife and her lover, he is sentenced to life imprisonment to Shawshank State Penitentiary. Although quiet at first and abused by some prisoners, he opened up to fellow prisoners Red the contraband smuggler.Read MoreFilm Analysis: Shawshan k Redemption766 Words   |  3 PagesIn the movie, Shawshank Redemption, the narrator of the movie named Red recounts how he planned and carried out his wife’s murder by disabling her brakes, which accidentally killed a neighbor and child. He earned a life sentence at the Shawshank Prison. Red also remembers the arrival of an inmate named Andy Dufresne, Andy was sent to Shawshank for life for the cold-blooded murder of his wife, Linda, and her lover. Despite the evidence placing him at the scene of the crime on the night of the murdersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Shawshank Redemption 1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe Shawshank Redemption, a twenty year old movie, is an accurate representation of corruption within the walls of a prison. Justice seems to fail to exist within the walls of Shawshank, where corruption is the norm. The system is exploited for the gain of all of the major characters in the film, although it does not work in the favor of all of the characters. I n the movie, corruption plays a large role in the lives of four characters; Andy, Hadley, Tommy, and the warden. Today, the focus of the

The Writing Essay Cover Up

The Writing Essay Cover Up A few of the essays require that you describe what's happening and a number of them are about why it's happening. To begin with, you have to pick from your experiences. When you stick with your intended language from the beginning, you will produce the essay more consistent to the conventions of that language. Though your style might be unconventional, you've got to make the ideas simple for the reader to follow. Writing an effective introduction plays an extremely significant role in getting good grades. The prompt should require no more than the prior knowledge that's been emphasized in class instruction. Taking a look at the statistics of all of the secondary schools and tertiary institutions in Nigeria with the variety of students in every single school, it demonstrates that the entries continue to be very poor. Writing papers in college demands that you produce sophisticated, complex. The Death of Writing Essay You will be used and no question is going to be asked. There isn't anything wrong if you rely on it, but be sure that you consider the matter of plagiarism seriously. If you pick a challenging essay topic for a specific reason, or when you have zero choice and thegiven topic doesn't interest you much, do take the assistance of Professional Advisers. Second, you must offer an answer to that question. You ought to make sure that you're very interested in the topic before you may persuade others about it. In the event the topic isn't specified, please choose a topic you're comfortable with and straightforward. Your topic should additionally have a direction. Don't make the error of writing all of the info you know regarding a specific topic. An individual may order customized essays and papers by way of filling in the required form on its website. Becoming acquainted with writing and its different styles will help to make writing not such a challenging task later on. There are lots of innovative writing ideas you can find with by combining different stories. List everything you may think about it and earn a list. Whatever you present in your essay ought to be reasonable and based on the information which you have collected. Put simply, just what purpose do you want to express in your essay. When an essay was made personal, it would be an easier read. Each essay differs and has to be personalizedas per the subject. In an Analytical essay, the manner in which you use the information that you collect counts a considerably. Essay Types The very first thing you have to note is that there are different sorts of essays. Though cause and effect essays form another sort of essays, it may also be subdivided into four different types. There are various types of essays that are employed in the current century. 1 thing you ought to do in order to develop a great essay writing is to spell it right. Which is the reason why it is crucial to stress the simple fact that writing a great dissertation is extremely important. While writing an essay for the academic purpose you've got to revive your imagination in addition to do the necessary fieldwork. When considering various kinds of essays one has to be mindful that what the assignment is about.

Appropriate Curriculum For Young Children - 925 Words

The debate about appropriate curriculum for young children generally centers on two options: free play and basic activities vs. straight academics (which is what many kindergartens across the country have adopted, often reducing or eliminating time for play). A new report, â€Å"Lively Minds: Distinctions between academic versus intellectual goals for young children,† offers a new way to look at what is appropriate in early childhood education. The report was written by Lilian G. Katz, professor emerita of early childhood education at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she is on the staff of the Clearinghouse on Early Education and Parenting. She is past president of the National Association for the Education of Young Children and the first president of the Illinois Association for the Education of Young Children. Katz is currently the editor of the online peer-reviewed trilingual early childhood journal Early Childhood Research Practice, and she is the author of more than 100 publications about early childhood education, teacher education, child development and the parenting of young children. In her report, published by the nonprofit group Defending the Early Years, Katz says that beyond free play and academics, â€Å"another major component of education – (indeed for all age groups) must be to provide a wide range of experiences, opportunities, resources and contexts that will provoke, stimulate, and support children’s innate intellectual dispositions.† AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Past Present and Future895 Words   |  4 PagesMandated Curriculum vs. Developmentally Appropriate Practices Introduction As a parent I have become concerned about the new state-mandated, textbook-based curriculum for Kindergarten. I have decided to write a letter to the school board to protest the new policy. In the letter I will define DAP, the benefits with examples, why I believe the use of the textbook-based curriculum may be inappropriate. I will give reasons for the potential negative effects of the textbook-based curriculumRead MoreThe Use Of Formal Standardized Testing And Norm Reference Assessments Of Young Children859 Words   |  4 PagesWhen addressing the statements of NAECY, NASP AND THE DEC they all three are for the children. They all relate around the family and wanting the family involved. The all have a clear understanding of what an assessment is and how it is to be carried out. They all are curriculum based and feel that it should be age- appropriate. They all link back to goals that link to the curriculum. Last but not least they have similarities when it comes to assess ing the programs. Standardize testing The NAECYRead MoreMiseducation of Children Essays887 Words   |  4 PagesThe Miseducation of Children Author Note This research is being submitted on July 5, 2012 for David Elkind’s EC110 Curriculum and Instruction course. The Miseducation of Children â€Å"If we do not wake to the potential danger of this harmful practices, we may be do serious damage to large segment of next generation† - By David Elkind Across the country, many young children’s receiving structured instructions at an early age, can be harm psychologically and/or physically. When children’s dressedRead MorePrograms and Curriculum Planning1729 Words   |  7 PagesKawonda Starling Programs and Curriculum Planning ECE 312 Administrations of Early Childhood Ed. Programs Instructor Tracy Reed June 2, 2013 â€Æ' Early childhood education programs are formed by administrators coming together to form curriculums for teachers in the program to have as a guide to teach young children. For an example, each county has a board of education for the school system with administrators who form a curriculum for teachers to teach by; and administrators leads the teachersRead MoreThe Ministry Of Education s Sex Education Curriculum Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Ministry of Education’s Sex Education Curriculum in primary schools. The Ministry of Education’s sexual Education Curriculum includes the different topics of sexual education and places them in different levels that are appropriate for the education of students in different grades and ages. A random sample was taken from St. Joseph Roman Catholic Primary School. All responses from the participants were measured according to the Sexual Education Curriculum obtained from the Ministry of EducationRead MoreThe Standards Movement : Developing High Quality Early Childhood Programs958 Words   |  4 Pagesin all of education in the last few decades† (p. 260). The main goal of creating standards in early childhood education was to prepare all children to start school ready to learn. However, there was much debate about what and how readiness was determined. This brief dissertation describes the standards movement and its relation to developmentally appropriate practices (DAP), identifies and explains my position in regards to these approaches, and identifies a particular instructional strategy thatRead MoreDevelopmentally Appropriate Practice1675 Words   |  7 Pages1. Developmentally Appropriate Practice In order to respond this question, we must first review the history of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) and Early Childhood Education (ECE). Although ECE has been around since the creation of kindergarten in the 1800’s, the decade of the 1980’s was an important period for ECE. â€Å"By the 1980’s, meta-analysis of the well-designed US projects offered compelling evidence on the positive outcomes of [early childhood education and intervention]† (WoodheadRead MoreThe Curriculum And Lesson Planning930 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the curriculum and lesson planning. During the summer she works with kindergarten and first grade. When the children go back to school she works with the younger groups. She is working in a toddler room. For Ms. Mandy a good teacher is someone who is reliable patient, and compassionate. She also believes teachers should get down to the child’s level and to pay attention to the children’s needs in order to be a good teacher. In Ms. Mandy’s workplace they use Creative Curriculum. Creative CurriculumRead MoreTechnology s Impact On Young Children1465 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that the use of technology can alter the wiring of the brain (Taylor 2012). When children are exposed to technology, it may condition the brain to pay attention to multiple stimuli; as a result become more distracted and cause decreased memory. Technology also hinders a child’s ability to empathise. They are less likely to pick up on non verbal cues, emotions, and awareness of expressions. Therefore, children with less physical contact tend to have trouble developing social skills. Needless toRead MoreFactors That Influence Effective Curriculum Essay985 Words   |  4 Pages1. Write a paragraph describing the four factors that influence effective curriculum. Then choose one of the factors and write a paragraph describing it in detail. p. 298-307 At the 9th edition of the book, it says that there are five factors that influence effective curriculum. First, inclusive curriculum is a curriculum that is designed for all children in terms of their gender, abilities, disabilities, language, culture, ethnicity, and religion according to the textbook. This is where it gives

Women’s contemporary work Free Essays

string(59) " member available to care for their children \(Kemp 247\)\." In the United States the labor market is strongly segregated according to sex: there are distinctive men’s and women’s occupations, jobs, and work tasks. Examples of women’s gender-non-traditional occupations are: engineer, manager of a private business, technician, police officer, auto mechanic. This work reveals some of these hidden aspects of women’s work. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s contemporary work or any similar topic only for you Order Now In different ways, the studies reported here point to the pervasiveness of gender as an organizing principle in the world of employment. The first goal of this paper is to identify the systematic and institutionally created and reinforced dimensions of women’s work experience. The paper shows how gender affects the ways in which women are included in the labor force, the impact of work technologies, the threat of sexual harassment, government policy toward workers, the accessibility of labor organizations, the ability to protest collectively, and employed mothers’ attitudes toward their work lives as related to the division of labor at home. Today the majority of working-age women (18-64) are in the labor force. Single and divorced women tend to have higher labor force participation rates than married or older widowed women, but marital status is having a decreasing effect on women’s chances of working for pay. Although giving birth has traditionally been a reason for women to drop out of paid work and begin full-time homemaking, as the labor force participation rate for women has increased, the rate for mothers of young children has increased even faster. By 1983, half of all mothers of two-year-olds were in the labor force, and the proportion of women working increased with the age of the youngest child (Waldman 1983). Over their lifetimes, virtually all women will spend more years in the labor force than as child rearers. Most women, like most men, work as individuals for large or small companies and agencies; the family enterprise has virtually disappeared. The last holdout, the family farm, has largely gone under in the 1980s farm crisis. In 1983, 93 percent of employed women were wage and salary workers, working neither for themselves nor in family businesses, but for companies and businesses. Women workers are important to all industrial sectors. Women are more than 50 percent of the workers in retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services, particularly entertainment, health, hospitals, elementary and secondary education, welfare, and religion. Only in agriculture, mining, and construction are women less than 20 percent of the workers. Fox and Hess-Biber (1984) have summarized the extensive body of research on women workers: The occupations held by women are concentrated in the secondary labor market – jobs characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, little chance for advancement, lack of stability, and personalized employer/employee relations conducive to arbitrary and capricious work discipline. Although there has been some limited decline in sex segregation since 1970, the work world remains basically segregated into men’s jobs and women’s jobs. Even the slight decline appears less positive when examined closely: women tend to be able to enter previously male work when those occupations are declining in power and status and males are able to find better jobs elsewhere. On the whole, women have been able to increase their numbers in the labor force because the occupations and industries into which they are segregated have been expanding their need for labor. The barriers to occupational change are extensive, and involve both public and private patriarchy: childhood socialization of boys and girls to want different work, discriminatory practices of career counselors and employment firms, corporate personnel practices, harassment by male coworkers, failure of government to require affirmative action, reluctance of women to face the battles and hostilities that would result from their entering nontraditional work, child care responsibilities, and the refusal or inability of husbands to share housework and child care equally. Women’s wages tend to be lower than men’s even within the same occupational groupings, whether these are professional subspecialties or blue-collar work. On the whole, women and men do not work in the same occupations. The expansion of women’s paid work since World War II has been less in professional or highly paid technical work, and more in service occupations characterized by low pay and lack of promotion opportunities. In some cases the hierarchical relationship of men and women is built directly into the work structure of individuals. The relation of an executive secretary to an executive is that of an â€Å"office wife†. In other cases the hierarchy is occupational. Staff doctors, predominantly male, leave orders for hospital nurses (predominantly female) to carry out. Management of the labor force is a white male prerogative. Although low-level management positions may be filled by women, 96. 5 percent of persons making $50,000 or more in executive, administrative, or managerial positions in the 1980 census were males; 94. 9 percent were white males. Among members of professional specialties making $50,000 or more, 96 percent were male and 90 percent were white males (U. S. Census Bureau 1980). The higher-level managers not only manage the labor force, they also set and carry out the policies and programs of business, public administration, education, medicine, and other fields. Nor does government offer an antidote to disproportionate male power. In 1982, women were only 12 percent of state legislators and 6 percent of mayors; in 1983 they were only 4 percent of the U. S. Congress (U. S. Census Bureau 1985). Promotion tracks tend to require a flow of family work mothers generally lack. Promotion in skilled and semiskilled blue-collar jobs typically depends not on outside schooling but on on-the-job training. Skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers are trained through apprenticeships, many of which require nighttime classes for several years. This may contribute to the fact that women were only 7 percent of registered apprentices in 1991. Semiskilled workers learn their jobs often in training programs that take place in overtime. This means that women are excluded from such training because they are less likely to have a family member available to care for their children (Kemp 247). You read "Women’s contemporary work" in category "Papers" An increasing amount of control over women’s daily labor is held by employers, not husbands. Husbands may willingly accept, even urge, wives to engage in less homemaking and child care in recognition that what women can buy with the money they earn working may be more valuable than what they can produce through their unpaid labor at home. What they can buy depends on what goods and services companies offer; in other words, what employees are paid to do. The goods and services that are produced, the conditions of the work that produces them, and the market relations under which they are offered to clients and customers are all hierarchically ordered. American society is capitalist. The increase of public patriarchy is an increase in the power of corporate managers and the upper class. It is an increase in the power of higher-level men at the expense of the erstwhile privileges of lower-level men. Upper-level men continue to have stay-at-home wives and in addition have women employees, whereas lower-level men have either no wives or working wives and are themselves employees. They obtain goods and services to the extent that the decision-making elite considers the provision of such goods and services to be in the interest of the elite, and to the extent that the men’s wage levels or other statuses permit. Although the benefit is largely to the upper-level men, it is not only to them. The jobs of many working women are oriented to giving â€Å"service with a smile,† making life nicer for men at all levels (Hochschild 1983). Examples range from television entertainers, provided free by advertisers to everyone with access to a television set, to airline flight attendants, provided by airlines to those who can afford to fly. It could be said that under public patriarchy, women are provided as a public good for all men. Poorer men who could never afford homemaker wives may now receive the services of working women, albeit at a much lower level. For example, men in some public chronic care hospitals have their beds made and rooms cleaned by women workers. Women’s benefit from public patriarchy depends on their economic class and their family status. Although women’s wages are well below men’s, professional women’s wages are higher than unskilled women’s wages. Clearly, what can be bought can be bought better by those with more income. The career woman combines freedom and income to a greater extent than other women except those with clear title to inherited wealth. Those who perceive themselves as powerless and fit mainly for motherhood will reject policies and practices connected with public patriarchy. These particulars may be less matters of income and more matters of education and class background. Low-income women may be better off under the programs of the welfare state than under the power of lowincome husbands. Women may get both jobs in the public sector and services from the public sector. Services to low-income people are provided to women as well as men (such as free television or Medicaid hospital beds). Married women at most levels of the class system may enter the welfare system when they become divorced. Compared with husbands, public agencies may be more reliable, more amenable to negotiation, and less likely to become violent while drunk. The increase in working women and the increasing importance of public patriarchy have various implications for men and women. Lower wages and job segregation for women assure the continuation of male domination. Speaking of the relation between women’s low wages in public and their subordination in the family, Heidi Hartmann ( 1981b) says, â€Å"The lower pay women receive in the labor market both perpetuates men’s material advantage over women and encourages women to choose wifery as a career. Second, then, women do housework, childcare, and perform other services at home which benefit men directly. Women’s home responsibilities in turn reinforce their inferior labor market position† (p. 22). Thus public patriarchy continues to uphold private patriarchy even as it undercuts and changes it. Just as women differ from each other, so they share a number of common features almost irrespective of their race, class, and family responsibilities. All women’s wages are lower than those of equivalently skilled and qualified men; all women are vulnerable to stereotypical assumptions about their aptitudes and their commitment to work, in particular, about the potential impact of their current or future children upon their work; all women are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Despite the factors which distinguish women from each other, it is still possible to discuss the disadvantages that women suffer as a group. Minority women are differentially affected by the change. Black men and women have always been subject to a patriarchy originating outside of, and destructive to, their family structure. In the early stages of the women’s movement some feminists seemed to envy black women their freedom from the private patriarchy of black husbands, without recognizing the oppression they suffered from the public patriarchy of white, male-dominated society. For black women and for other minorities, the family can be both a source of oppression and a protection against the worst excesses of capitalism. It has been suggested that there are very likely to be increased opportunities – in terms of both recruitment and promotion – for women in the field of computing as a consequence of its internal organisational shifts. Commentators are divided as to whether the kinds of social and communication skills which are now seen as critical for such work are attributable to nature or nurture, but are united in thinking that we are more likely to find them in women than in men. Women, typically, are seen as more empathetic, creators of harmony as opposed to hostility, of co-operation. The new technologies associated with computers are being hailed or decried as the basis of a new revolution for women. Women’s labor force participation remains high for all ages and marital statuses. But past experience has made it clear that employment in occupations may expand or contract with economic change. There is evidence that the high-tech economy will automate some of the services and clerical work that have been the mainstay of women’s employment. One possibility is that decreased employment will send women back into the home. Housewife† has often been a euphemism for â€Å"unemployed,† and may become so to a greater extent. It is not clear, however, that unemployed women will in fact become housewives supported entirely by their husbands (Bose 90). Private patriarchy declined in part because many men did not see a benefit to themselves in supporting a wife. Perhaps unemployed women will become divorced unemployed women. Perhaps they will become welfare mothers subject to a particularly important part of the public patriarchy. Perhaps they will find jobs in newly developing industries. All of these changes have taken place within a relatively short space of time. There is no denying that women’s employment rights have radically increased in that time. But for all of this, women still earn a great deal less than men (if full-time and part-time women workers are considered together, about 70 per cent of men’s hourly wages). Occupational segregation has remained almost constant to date and women are still concentrated, for the most part, at the bottom of the wage hierarchy. A few women have broken through one or more layers of glass ceiling, but the majority remains in jobs which, however demanding and skilled, pay less than those jobs in which men work. The social division of labor is maintained. Women do women’s work and men do men’s work, both in the home and in the paid work place. Women’s work is low paid or unpaid; men’s work is higher-paid, enabling men on the whole to buy women’s work both at home and in the market. Control over social policies remains in the hands of men. How to cite Women’s contemporary work, Papers

Name = Spencer Essay Example For Students

Name = Spencer Essay email = emailprotectedpublish = yessubject = Englishtitle = Hamlet: Characters and plotpapers = Hamlet by William ShakespeareLaertes and Hamlet both display impulsive reactions when angered. Once Laertes discovers his father has beenmurdered Laertes immediately assumes the slayer is Claudius. As a result of Laertess speculation heinstinctively moves to avenge Poloniuss death. To hell, allegiance! vows, to the blackest devil! Conscience andgrace, to the profoundest pit! I dare damnation: to this point I stand, that both worlds I give to negligence, letcome what comes; only Ill be revenged most thoroughly for my father. Act 4 Scene 5 lines 128-134 provideinsight into Laertess mind displaying his desire for revenge at any cost. In contrast to Laertes speculation of hisfathers killer, Hamlet presumes the individual spying on his conversation with Gertrude is Claudius(Nay, I knownot: is it the King? Act 3, Scene 4 line 28). Consequently, Hamlet consumed with rage automatically thrusts out attempting to kill Claudius, but instead strikes Polonius. Hamlets and Laertess imprudent actions are incited byfury and frustration. Sudden anger prompts both Hamlet and Laertes to act spontaneously, giving little thoughtto the consequences of their actions. Hamlet and Laertes share a different but deep love and concern for Ophelia. Before his departure for FranceLaertes provides lengthy advice to Ophelia pertaining to her relationship with Hamlet. Laertes voices his concernof Hamlets true intentions towards Ophelia and advices her to be wary of Hamlets love. Laertes impresses uponOphelia, Hamlet is a prince who most likely will have an arranged marriage. Hamlets strong love for Opheliawithers after she rejects his affinity. Hamlets extensive love for Ophelia resulted in grave suffering for Hamletonce his affection was rejected. Hamlets appearance decays due to the rejection of his love for Ophelia(Pale ashis shirt, his knees knocking each other Act 2, Scene 1, line 82). The loss of Ophelias love for Hamlet instigatesPolonius into believing it has caused Hamlet to revert to antic disposition. Once Laertes learns of the death of hissister he is afflicted with sadness. In the same way, Hamlet is shocked and enraged over Ophelias demise. Bo thHamlet and Laertes are so profoundly distressed at the death of Ophelia they jump into her grave and fight eachother. Although Hamlet and Laertes despised one another, they both loved Ophelia. Hamlet was infatuated withOphelia which was obvious during his constant anguish over her(in her rejection of Hamlet, and in her deathHamlet suffered greatly). Laertes shared a strong brotherly love for Ophelia which was evident in his advice toher. Laertes further displayed his love for Ophelia during her funeral were he fought with Hamlet. Hamlet and Laertes are similar in the way they associate with their families. Laertes highly respects and loves hisfather Polonius. Similarly, Hamlet holds a great respect for his dead father(Hamlet compares his father to a sungod Hyperion). After the death of their fathers, Hamlet and Laertes strive to seek revenge on the assassins. Hamlet and Laertes exhibit domineering attitudes towards females. Laertes gives his sister Ophelia guidance onher relationship with Hamlet. In the same way, Hamlet is able to persuade Gertrude he is not mad and manipulateher to follow his instructions. Hamlet directs his mother to convince Claudius of Hamlets madness. Hamlet isable to make his mother reflect upon her part in the death of his father and feel guilt(Thou turnst mine eyes intomy very soul, and there I see such black and grained spots as will not leave their tinct. Act 3, Scene 4 lines90-93). Furthermore, Hamlet instructs his mother not to sleep with Claudius. The fathers of Laertes and Hamletboth attempted to use spies to gain information on their sons(although not his real father Claudius was his uncleas well as step-father). Claudius employed Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to gather information on Hamlet. Incomparison, Polonius dispatches Reynaldo to check up on Laertes. Hamlet and Laertes share similar aspectswithin the ir families. .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 , .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .postImageUrl , .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 , .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63:hover , .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63:visited , .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63:active { border:0!important; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63:active , .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63 .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f5fcaba413eae8ba3d5bc3625275a63:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Grendel Essay PurposeHamlet and Laertes demonstrate rash behaviour when infuriated. Hamlet becomes outraged at the notion ofClaudius spying on him which results in Hamlet mistakenly killing Polonius. Laertes becomes drastically angeredat the death of his father and boldly seeks vengeance against Claudius. Momentary rage overcomes Laertes andHamlet which prompts them to act spontaneously. Hamlet and Laertes both have a strong love for Ophelia. Hamlets deep love for Ophelia is evident in his reaction to her rejection of him. In the same way, Laertes care andaffection are revealed by his advice to his sister. The families of Laertes and Hamlet contain similar attributes. Hamlet and Laertes hold a high admiration for their fathers and are willing to even kill the king to enact revenge. Both characters exercise a dominating attitude towards females. In conclusion, although adversaries, Hamlet andLaertes share several characteristics which make them similar.